Principal: Leonard Rhoads
rhoadsl@georgetownisd.org
Asst. Principal:
Stan Mauldin
mauldins@georgetownisd.org
Phone: 512-943-5150
Fax: 512-943-5159
Address:
1911 Northeast Inner Loop
Georgetown, TX 78626 

 

8th Grade American History
 

MySatori

 

General Topics
Colonization
The American Revolution
Presidents and Government
The Civil War

TAKS Review Flash Cards

Click below to review online or download a set of 100 flash cards you can print out to review for your U.S. History TAKS test which is coming up on April 21st. The content for these flash cards was originally created by Mr. Ken Brown at Hudson Bend Middle School in Lake Travis ISD.

Review Flash Cards Online

State released TAKS tests (online practice)
http://www.tea.state.tx.us/student.assessment/resources/release/index.html#online

State released TAKS tests (pdf format)
http://www.tea.state.tx.us/student.assessment/resources/release/taks/index.html

 

General Topics
 

POPCORN ECONOMICS:
Students will be using a familiar substance - popcorn - to understand the concept of scarcity and how that affects economic and societal choices.

HOW HAS THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM SHAPED THE CONSTITUTION?
In this economics lesson plan for middle and high school social studies classes, students will be examining market economies, their characteristics, and the provisions for such practices within the Constitution. Four student handouts are included.

INTERACTIVE GOLD RUSH:
Explore the hows and whys of the California Gold Rush, getting to know the people and events in this interactive exhibition from PBS. The Journeys of the 49ers is particularly fascinating, following the geographic trails across country and abroad, from the Oregon-California Trail, to the Panama Shortcut, to the trip Around Cape Horn.

BEN'S GUIDE TO THE ELECTION PROCESS:
With an overview of the offices of both the President and the Vice President of the United States, an explanation of Voter Registration, and a review of Senators and Representatives, this online guide to elections for students explains the hows, whys, and wherefores of the American Election processes and offices.

GOVERNMENT 101:
[Link2]
Students can explore this site from Project Vote Smart to learn all about the election process, from campaigning and campaign financing, to How a Bill Becomes Law, to Presidential Primaries, the Constitution, and the Office of the President. Election vocabulary is included (click on the 2nd link above to directly access the Elections materials.)

ELECTION HUNT 2008:
Students will use selected websites to answer guided questions in this online exercise, where they will learn all about the Election 2008 process and issues along the way.

SAMPLE PRIMARIES BALLOTS:
[Link2]
More than likely you will be exploring election issues this year; get to the heart of the issues by holding your own primaries, understanding the election process along the way. Here are sample primary ballots to print out for holding your own election. You may wish to conduct your primary with other classes, taking polls, graphing results, and writing up a newspaper article on the results.

WHAT IS MONEY?
This lesson plan on economics for middle school students introduces them to the concept of money, along with its uses in history. Students will examine voluntary exchange, bartering, commodities, and legal tenders. Assessment strategies are included.

MAPMAKING SKILLS WITH LEWIS AND CLARK:
http://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/class/l03.html
This lesson plan examines the skills involved with cartography and explores how Lewis and Clark created maps on their famous expedition. Student activity worksheets and
background resources are all available on site.

1492: AN ONGOING VOYAGE:
http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/1492.exhibit/Intro.html
http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/1492.exhibit/overview.html
 Hop aboard for an interactive exploration of the world as it was known to Europeans in 1492. This online exhibit explores numerous aspects of Columbus, his voyages, the New World, and the peoples of that world. Use the 2nd link above to access the outline for the site.

CONSTITUTION DAY RESOURCES:
http://www.constitutioncenter.org/constitutionday/display/MainS/Home
The National Constitution Center in Philadelphia has launched a revamped Constitution Day Web site to serve as a national clearinghouse for schools, federal agencies and civic groups to help them organize events to commemorate Constitution Day on September 17, 2006. The site provides links to resources featuring over 200 activities, lessons, books and DVDs from more than 20 different providers.

DIGITAL HISTORY
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu
Faculty at the University of Houston's history department and College of Education have designed the "Digital History" web site to support the teaching of American history to K-12 students. The site includes an online textbook, annotated historical documents, and more than 70 interactive, inquiry-based modules. Students can view a timeline to see notable political, socio-economic, and cultural episodes in United States and world history. eXplorations, part of the site's inquiry-based activity section, offer students the chance to delve deeper into such topics as the early Puritans. In that activity, students learn about symbols on gravestones and explore reasons why the Salem witch scare might have occurred. The history reference room gives users access to online encyclopedias, audio and visual resources, and historical newspaper articles. The page also leads users to a HyperHistorian, an expert who can help in finding the answers to questions related to materials found on the site. For teachers, there are free resource guides, lesson plans, and learning modules. Writing guides--including tips on how to write a history paper--also are provided.

HISTORY TEACHER:
http://www.historyteacher.net/
If you are looking for history resources for your classroom teaching, try the numerous materials collected here.

YOUR WINDOW TO EARLY AMERICA
http://www.earlyamerica.com/
It's only common sense to spend some time exploring the foundations of
our nation, so come check out Early America! You can even listen to the
music played at Washington's 1789 inauguration. Browse biographies of
notable 18th century men and women, outlines and documents for milestone
events, maps of colonies and battles, videos, quizzes, scans of original
documents and portraits.

THE HISTORY PLACE
http://www.historyplace.com/
It's definitely happening at the History Place! Check out a historical photo of the week, listen to a speech of the week, peruse editorials on historical events, browse reviews of history-related box office hits and flops, read first-person accounts of day-to-day history or get a serious laugh over some political bloopers set down for posterity.  There are also timelines, photo galleries, sections on wars and world history and tons more.

TEACHING CALENDAR:
http://www.marcopolo-education.org/teacher/marcopolo_calendar.aspx
Click on your current date on the calendar to find out what happened in history, then click to find relevant related teaching materials.

AMERICAN HISTORY REVIEW:
http://ofcn.org/cyber.serv/academy/ace/soc/cecsst/cecsst003.html

Games for identifying the names of states or countries.
www.nationalgeographic.com/geospy

HyperHistory Online - www.hyperhistory.com

Quizzes and puzzles for many history topics - www.quia.com/dir/hist/

AMERICAN HISTORY PRINTABLE STUDENT WORKSHEETS:
http://www.teachervision.com/lesson-plans/lesson-9131.html

Social Studies for Kids
http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/

Articles, Glossaries, Newsletter, FAQ,

The Supreme Court Historical Society
http://www.supremecourthistory.org

About the Society, History of the The Supreme Court, such an august body.

OUTLINE MAPS:
http://abcteach.com/Maps/mapsTOC.htm
This site offers a large collection of blackline outline maps to print out for classroom use, including all fifty states, world maps, continents, world countries, and regions of the United States.

PATRIOTIC CLIP ART:
http://www.kidsdomain.com/holiday/july4/clip.html
Add some patriotic pizazz to your newsletters, web pages, or worksheets with this downloadable clip art selection of American icons.

Virtual Field Trips:
http://www.field-trips.org/vft/index.htm
Content: Online Field Trips, Teacher Resources, Lesson Plans, TourMaker Software.
Let's face it. Students love field trips. They just can't get enough of them! Unfortunately, schools don't always have the resources to provide them. But with this site, you can take your students around the world and back without spending a cent or oversleeping from jet lag. Virtual Field Trips for every subject and standard will whisk your class away with a click of a button, via TourMaker software, which you can download with a free trial and create your own field trips. You can even print Virtual Permission Slips for parents to sign.

DAILY GEOGRAPHY BEE:
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/geobee/
What's the state of your geography knowledge? Test it here online, with these interactive quizzes from National Geographic. Each day the questions change, so visit often to maintain your geographic skills.

http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi
Get to know some of America's stories at this site presented by the Library of Congress. Meet some of the men and women who helped to shape this country in the Meet Amazing Americans section. Jump back in time to different periods of U.S. History from Colonial America to the Modern Era. Explore the history of individual states and answer trivia questions. Learn about the heart of American culture in the Join America at Play and See, Hear and Sing sections where you will discover pastimes, hobbies, songs, and humor from America's past.

MAKE YOUR OWN FLAG:
http://www.kidsdomain.com/craft/makeurflag.html
In this activity students are not simply recreating another version of the American flag; instead they are deciding what kind of flag and symbols would best represent their own interests and reflect who they are. You could also consider doing this project as a group--what kind of flag would symbolize your class?

WOMEN IN WORLD HISTORY CURRICULUM:
http://www.womeninworldhistory.com/lesson.html
Find thirteen classroom and student activities here to help your students explore the theme of Women in History. Topics include: Female Fury in the Forum (Ancient Rome), Assessing Women's Pasts Through Art, Tools Uncover Women's Work, Women's Lives in Mesopotamia, Comparing Women's Rights in Ancient Egypt and Ancient Mesopotamia, and Women and the Industrial Revolution.

MYSTERY HISTORY:
http://teacher.scholastic.com/histmyst/index.asp
Choose from numerous topics in history, including Colonial life, Native American Culture, Presidents, States and Territories, the Vikings, Civil Rights, Westward Migration, and more with these online history challenges.

WESTWARD EXPANSION:
http://www.isu.edu/~trinmich/Allabout.html
http://www.ku.edu/heritage/research/sft/index.html
Students will work in teams to research the various trails
west, as well as the reasons people left for unknown parts. They will begin to furnish a picture of life on the trail, the hardships involved, the risks taken along specific trails, or research women in the west. Teams will create a presentation on their specific topic; consider having them assemble a multimedia presentation for the class as their final project. Use the 2nd URL above for a link to the Oregon Trail, and the 3rd URL for an interactive Santa Fe Trail site.

Colonization

 

DEMONSTRATIONS OF EARLY AMERICAN TOOLS:
If your students ever wondered how an adze worked, or how a spinning wheel actually spun yarn, they can view these online videos of Early American tools to learn much about early trades. Have them work in groups to prepare a presentation or even a demonstration after doing the research here, taking on a trade or task and explaining how it worked in Colonial society.

INTERACTIVE PLANTATION:
Students can journey back in time with these online exhibits on the history of Maryland. They can visit a Woodlands Indian Village, participate in an archaeological dig, explore the bay, experience a voyage from England, learn how much things cost for colonists starting fresh in a New World, build a plantation from scratch, read a diary, tour a colony, create a virtual museum, and more in this extensive and excellent online tool to investigate early life in America. Interactive activities lead students deeper into the experiences, with video introductions to each topic.

EXPLORING AMERICAN IMMIGRATION:
http://artsedge.kennedy-center.org/content/2476/
A series of lesson plans for upper elementary students explores the immigrant experience in America. Students will have choices on presenting a dramatization of the experience after completing guided research, of learning about immigrant contributions to American society, viewing historical photos to attempt to contrast, com-pare, and recreate stories, or to understand tenement life at the turn of the century in America.

AMERICA, A HOME FOR EVERY CULTURE:
http://artsedge.kennedy-center.org/content/2316/
Use this lesson plan to create your own family and cultural recipe book in time for Thanksgiving. Diversity in the American immigrant experience is explored and appreciated through a variety of perspectives and activities in this unit.

Pictures and activities about colonial America
http://www.americancenturies.mass.edu/home.html

VIRTUAL JAMESTOWN:
http://ab.mec.edu/jamestown/jamestown.html
Stop by for a trip back to virtual Jamestown, where you can explore both ship and village life, examine the first forts, and determine how difficult it may have been to survive in this first successful English colony in America.

EXPLORE EARLY AMERICA:
http://earlyamerica.com/earlyamerica/index.html
 

THE 13 COLONIES:
http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/YLP/97-98/97-98_units/97-98mini-unit/JAugustine_13Colonies/13colonies.html
Five mini-lessons have students participating in hands-on challenges to learn more about the original thirteen colonies, the peoples that colonized them, and the Native Americans that inhabited the lands. Please note that while the "You are a Colonist" character sheet is not included, enough general directions are included to plan your own (Lesson 2). Several extension activities are included, with several targeting student writing skills.

EXPERIMENT WITH COLONIZATION:
http://www.lessonplanspage.com/SSExperimentWithColonization812.htm
Location, location, location... Just how does actual geographic location determine the success of a colony? Students will be investigating this topic with this lesson plan, and reviewing how cultural backgrounds also affect the development of a new colony.

A NOT-SO-TRADITIONAL THANKSGIVING:
http://www.teachervision.fen.com/lesson-plans/lesson-2558.html
This article for grades five and up explores Thanksgiving from a different perspective--that of darker undercurrents of history at Plymouth. Two competing narratives offer polarized views of America's European beginnings, with two entirely different cultural interpretations of its early story. Read the material and discuss the opposing view-points with your class, or set up a debate--dressed in 1627 garb--to present both sides.

YOU BE THE HISTORIAN:
http://americanhistory.si.edu/kids/springer/

Student research first focuses on daily living 200 years ago, examining records and artifacts. The lesson plan takes a twist when students will also need to plot out discoveries for future historians, analyzing what they might wish to know about life today.

MINI WEB-TREK - A JOURNEY TO COLONIAL TIMES:
What was daily life like in Colonial America? How did colonists first fare when they arrived in the New World? What problems were they up against? How did they survive? What was different then, from now? Students will address these questions as they complete this guided online Mini Web Trek: A Journey to Colonial Times, by visiting a virtual and interactive plantation in Maryland, journeying to Virginia and Jamestown, and spending some time with the Daggett Family in colonial Connecticut.
 
INTERACTIVE COLONIAL HISTORY:
How well would your students fare as colonists? Well, that depends on a lot of factors, such as, do they believe in washing or showering every day, or even every week? As well as this online feature, students can also select a tour of the governor's or the preacher's house. Take a look at the ovens, the houses, the storehouses, and the land there to see how Colonials lived. Further interactive features here explore Colonial clothing, events during the 17th century, Video Diaries, and an interactive voyage. (5-12)

THE PILGRIM STORY:
Whether or not you make the actual trip to Pilgrim Hall Museum in Plymouth, Massachusetts, your class can still visit the Pilgrims through this virtual museum online, learning much about who these people were, how they lived, what they owned, etc. Students can click on numerous entries for further exploration in this excellent online exhibit. (5-12)

1628 ACROSS THE CONTINENT:
What was happening in the year 1628 across the vast lands of North America? Click on this interactive map to find out, by selecting a region to see how far European influence and exploration extended.

COLONIAL READING:
[Link2]
Much of this Colonial Reader material is fascinating, first-hand fare, and can provide any number of research starters for your students. Read and learn about "The Capture of Pocahontas", for instance, written by Raphe Hamor in 1613, or which animals could be captured from the wild and made into Colonial Pets, as suggested by writer Peter Kalm in 1748. William Strachey wrote "Indian Home Life" in 1610, starting off with how they simply drink clear water, not having tried to turn grapes into wine, or how to make fishing boats that go faster than the Colonials' barges, or how and what they hunt. Fully 83 articles are available; great reading to begin to gather an understanding for the times from the Colonists' perspective. Use the 2nd link above to access Colonial and Revolutionary Literature.

UNDERSTANDING COLONIAL ECONOMY:
The main incentive? Land, or rather, private ownership of land. And colonists would experiment, after several failures, to find crops that would bring in cash and success. Trade, therefore, became an important factor for a healthy economy in Colonial America, and the means for successful economic growth. Students will explore the incentives, the trade practices, specialization, production, and related population growth figures in this unit on Colonial Economy for high school students. Student handouts, discussion questions, and appendices are included.

INTERACTIVE FRONTIER:
Visit the gold rush town of Deadwood, and enter frontier society in American history with this interactive learning exhibit. Take a look at items and documents from the Wild Wild West, investigate politics, view postcards and images from the era, and journey back in time with this wonderful Dakota Experience.

 

 

The American Revolution


AMERICAN REVOLUTION MINI WEB TREK I
From Colonial Growth to the Boston Massacre:

An answer key is provided to our newest Mini Web Trek entry, tracing the account of events leading up to the American Revolution, chronicling colonial growth in the 1760s up to the events surrounding the Boston Massacre. Students use selected websites to answer the guided research questions.

A BIOGRAPHY OF AMERICA:
An extensive website supplies resources for the Annenberg video series here, but the resources are useful on their own for student research, with interactive student activities, maps, transcripts, key events, and interactive timelines. Topics cover ground from New World Encounters through to Contemporary History.

AMERICAN REVOLUTION NEWSPAPERS:
In this lesson plan, students will be creating their own Revolutionary Times newspapers, taking on different perspectives to write their articles. Possible topics are included, along with a handout on the road to Revolution, a quiz, and an American Revolution Journal checklist.


TIMELINE OF THE REVOLUTION:
http://www.pbs.org/ktca/liberty/chronicle_timeline.html
Follow along the main events leading to the American Revolution with this interact exhibit from PBS, chronicling the ascendancy of King George III, through the Stamp Act, to the shots fired at Lexington and Concord, up to the Bill of Rights and the 1st Congress.

REVOLUTIONARY WAR WEBQUEST
http://www.coollessons.org/revolutionarywarwebquest.htm
 

UNDERSTANDING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION:
http://www.mce.k12tn.net/revolutionary_war/american_revolution.htm
Fifteen lesson plans support classroom learning on the Revolutionary War. A timeline is also included, along with links to further resources. Each lesson plan comes with student activity suggestions, as well as a comprehension quiz.

PEOPLE OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION:
http://www.theamericanrevolution.org/ipeople.asp
Who's who of the American Revolution? Find pictures and biographies here, or ask your students to select one of interest for further research.

AMERICAN BEGINNINGS:
http://school.discovery.com/lessonplans/programs/amerBeginnings/
What can political cartoons tell us about the history of America? Students will examine political cartoons published during the American Revolution, examining the central image for meaning and a picture of what was going on during this era; what were the issues? What were the cartoonists trying to portray to colonists? Were they effective? Students will choose a political cartoon and write a commentary, sharing their paragraphs with the class. A glossary is included.

THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION:
http://www.pbs.org/ktca/liberty/
Take a timeline journey through the events leading up to the American Revolution with this online resource from PBS. Interactive quizzes will test content knowledge.

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY WAR AND LITERATURE:
http://www.carolhurst.com/subjects/ushistory/revolution.html

CHOOSING REVOLUTION -- AN INTERACTIVE EXHIBIT:
http://www.history.org/History/teaching/revolution/a1.html
You are in a position to garner secrets from both sides of the Revolutionary War. Visiting eight secret locations, you will uncover those secrets, and then choose which side you will give your secrets to in this interactive learning game on the American Revolution.

A CHRONICLE OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION:
http://www.pbs.org/ktca/liberty/chronicle.html
We can learn a great deal on the who, what, when, where, why, and how of the American Revolution by reading the headlines of the times. Choose your city here: Boston, Philadelphia, Trenton, or Saratoga, or Yorktown, and find out what was happening while freedom was ringing throughout the land.

A DICTIONARY OF INDEPENDENCE:
http://www.eduplace.com/ss/act/indep.html
Here is a creative idea for a final project in your American Revolution unit this year. Students will create their own dictionary of independence, defining important terms for a democracy and a constitution.

GEORGE WASHINGTON & THE CONTINENTAL ARMY:
http://www.pbs.org/ktca/liberty/tguide_3.html
This lesson plan will examine several primary documents online to analyze the character traits of General George Washington, as he led the army Continental Army through disastrous conditions to win the Revolutionary War. Students will consider styles of leadership, difficulties in maintaining troop morale under hardship conditions, and the unique features of the Revolutionary War.

LINCOLN -- A PHOTOBIOGRAPHY:
http://www.sdcoe.k12.ca.us/score/linc/linctg.html http://showcase.netins.net/web/creative/lincoln/tours/tourhome.htm http://showcase.netins.net/web/creative/lincoln/sites/sites.htm http://showcase.netins.net/web/creative/lincoln/education/educate.htm
http://home.att.net/~rjnorton/Lincoln77.html

Take an online tour through President Lincoln's life and times with these resources. Middle school students will be writing an essay to compare Lincoln to President Jefferson Davis, designing an 1860's campaign poster, writing a newspaper article based on a Civil War photograph, and designing a book jacket or character map for this President.

http://www.pbs.org/ktca/liberty/road.html
Do you know the path that Americans took on their road to revolution and liberty? Test your knowledge here, as each correct answer furthers your quest for liberty. Documents and research complement this online, interactive exhibit, with selections from primary documents and the periodicals of the time included.

EARLY AMERICAN LEADERS:
http://school.discovery.com/lessonplans/programs/leadersofearlyamerica/index.html
What characteristics constitute a great leader? Brainstorm with your students, and try to list some examples through American history. Students will review essential qualities of leadership and create a chart on Paul Revere, George Washington, and Thomas Jefferson.

Presidents and Government

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION 2008 - PROCESS & PROBLEMS:
Students will learn about the Presidential Elections campaign process, including fundraising, polling, primaries, conventions, and the electoral system. Discussion questions are included, with topics for student research.

TYPES OF GOVERNMENT BOOKMARKS:
In election year you might very well be studying governments and politics, as well as elections. Here is a handy bookmark to remind students of the definitions of various kinds of government.

THE AMERICAN PRESIDENCY, AN INTERNET EXERCISE:
http://ap.grolier.com/
http://americanhistory.si.edu/presidency/2b.html
Visit the sites above and answer the following questions:
- What is the oath of office that the President takes?
- What are the three separate branches of government?
- Was the President's Cabinet included in the Constitution?
- What is the function of the Cabinet?
- Who was the nation's third President?
- What was President Lincoln's leadership priority?
- Does the President have the highest position of authority in America? Explain your answer.
- Name and explain four powers and/or duties of the American President.
 

PRESIDENTIAL SECRETS:
http://pbskids.org/wayback/prez/secrets/index.html
Anyone up for a little Presidential trivia? Find out some little known facts about the Presidents of the United States, and consider creating your own classroom trivia board game with Presidential data.

PRESIDENTIAL SCAVENGER HUNT:
http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/hunt.cgi/aa
http://www.activitiesforkids.com/internet/presfirst.htm
Students are provided with a list of items to find, along with a set of clues to help find amazing stories about the American Presidents. Use the 2nd link above to download a student internet worksheet, where middle and high school students must search for Presidential Firsts.

THE PRESIDENTS OF MT. RUSHMORE:
http://www.americaslibrary.gov/aa/game/rushmore_game.html
Meet the Presidents of Mount Rushmore by answering questions correctly in this interactive learning game for middle school students. Click on each President after the game to learn more about him.

EXPLORING THE PRESIDENTS:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/presidents/index.html
This online site from PBS offers full page, printable overviews of the American Presidents, their lives, their eras, and their major accomplishments. Use them for mini-reports or reviews for Presidents' Day.

ONLINE PRESIDENT PUZZLES:
http://www.mce.k12tn.net/us_presidents/hangman.htm
Students will use a hangman format with blank spaces for the number of letters, guessing the first and last names of the United States Presidents in this online game.

TEACHING THE 3 BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT
http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/teacher_lessons/3branches/front.htm
This site is a complete teaching unit on the 3 branches of government. It includes lesson plans, interactive games, worksheets, etc. for teaching the 3 branches and how they work together.

PORTRAITS OF POWER, THE AMERICAN PRESIDENTS:
http://school.discovery.com/lessonplans/programs/portraitsOfPower/
What are the tasks assigned to the highest office of American government? How does the populace relate to and affect the Presidency? How can a President's decisions cause strong reactions? Students will use numerous websites to consider the role of President and his/her powers, then write an essay explaining how the office works, how the public relates to that office, and how historic decisions may have caused historic ripples. (Please note, while the lesson plan has been based upon a television program, it is not necessary to view that program for the lesson plan.)

Constitution Day Resources:
http://www.esc13.net/socialstudies/Constitution%20Day.html
Click on United States Constitution to find helpful links, activities, biographies and a full text presentation of the Constitution of the United States ratified in 1787.

WE THE PEOPLE:
http://www.col-ed.org/cur/sst/sst182.txt
Exploring such issues as natural law, the necessity for government, and the American Constitution, middle school students will be guided through a sequence of excellent, hands-on lessons to come to their own terms of law and government, particularly in their everyday lives.

EXPLORING MANIFEST DESTINY:
http://www.col-ed.org/cur/sst/sst196.txt
Through a creative theme of t-shirt design, slogans, and popular posters, middle and high school students will examine and explore the ideas inherent in the concept of "manifest destiny", particularly as it applied to those pioneers embarking upon the Oregon Trail.

http://library.thinkquest.org/11492/index2.html

READING COMPREHENSION AND THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS:
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/gadd/
"Four score and seven years ago... " So begins one of the most honored and respected speeches of history. It lasted but a couple of minutes, at a time when lengthy orations were the standard. Have your students read this essay describing the context of President Lincoln's fa-mous Gettysburg Address, and then take the online comprehension quiz. Use the 2nd URL above to access documents from the Library of Congress, with drafts of the speech, Lincoln's invitation, a photo of Lincoln at Gettysburg, and more.

SOUND CLIPS FROM THE U.S. PRESIDENTS:
http://gi.grolier.com/presidents/gallery/sound.html
What better way to learn about the American Presidents than to listen to their words--in their own voices? Find extensive audio files here to listen to these moments of history.

STARTING A GOVERNMENT FROM SCRATCH:
http://edsitement.neh.gov/view_lesson_plan.asp?id=455
Americans were in a unique position after the Revolutionary War to understand exactly what they did and did not want in their government, and just how far executive powers should extend. In considering the vast task facing a new country in defining its government, students will begin to understand the roles and duties of leadership, using primary sources to analyze the data that helped shape our country.

PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES:
http://www.ipl.org/div/potus/
Look up background information on each of the Presidents of the United States, with biographies, notable events, historical documents, and audio and video files.

http://www.americanpresidents.org/
This site presents brief facts about each United States President. You can also search by state or President for landmarks--birthplaces, gravesites, museums, etc.--associated with each President.

PRESIDENTS:
http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/

http://bioguide.congress.gov/
This directory covers senators, representatives, and other elected officials from 1774 to the present. Search by name, position, and/or state. Each entry consists of a short biography, including information about when the individual served. Research collections with the person's papers as well as a bibliography are also provided.

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/odmdhtml/preshome.html
"The Library of Congress has extensive resources for the study of the United States presidents and first ladies. Frequent requests for presidential portraits inspired Prints and Photographs Division staff to compile this ready reference aid of formal and informal pictures in the division's custody. The selected images include at least one likeness of each of the forty-one presidents and most of the first ladies." The collection is searchable by keyword or browseable by name or subject. Each painting or photograph comes with a description, including subject headings and medium.

HOW HAS THE CONSTITUTION SHAPED THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM?
http://ecedweb.unomaha.edu/lessons/fecg1.htm
Most people tend to think of the American Constitution as a political treatise on ideologies, but, as this lesson demonstrates, it is a vital economic document as well. Using four activity worksheets, students will examine the Constitution in light of its economic principles, and find provisions therein which would support a market economy.

HOW AMERICANS ELECT THEIR PRESIDENT:
http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/elections/cover.html
How many of your students are confident they know the process of electing the office of the Presidency? This social studies unit for grades 4 through 8 looks at the creation of the institution of the Presidency, the powers of the President, how to interpret an electoral map, the function of the Electoral College, presidential campaigning, and the roles of political parties. Student materials and worksheets are included.

ENACTMENT OF A LAW:
http://thomas.loc.gov/home/enactment/enactlawtoc.html
How does a measure pass to legislation on the Senate floor? Students can use this site for a detailed review of all the steps involved, including Forms of Legislative Business, the Origins of Legislation, Presenting Measures, Motions, Quorums, committees, reports, Senate and House Action, Presidential Approval or Veto, and more.

 

The Civil War

INTERACTIVE CIVIL WAR MAP:
{Link 2}
Use this interactive map on major Civil War locations and battles to help students with research, reports, or projects - even with choosing a topic for further reading and research. Once students have learned all the material here, they can create their own poster style of map, listing major battles of the war and annotating illustrations of key leaders involved in the war. Causes, effects, important people, and integration are all covered. Use the 2nd link above for a printable Civil War map.

CIVIL WAR PERSONAL JOURNAL:
http://coe.west.asu.edu/students/hcarter/webquest.htm
Students have five roles to select from in order to research lives and events during the Civil War. Research will be conducted in teams, but each student is responsible for creating a personal journal recording their role, family lives, and circumstances before, during, and after the Civil War.

CIVIL WAR LESSONS, ACTIVITIES, AND QUIZZES:
http://www.mce.k12tn.net/civil_war/civil_war.htm
Lessons on the Civil War are followed up with student activities on the reading selections. Each topic (slavery, rebellion, abolitionists, Lincoln, etc.) has its own resources, and most are accompanied by a quiz.

INVESTIGATING THE CIVIL WAR:
http://www2.lhric.org/pocantico/civilwar/cwar.htm
Explore a timeline of key Civil War events, compare data on the North and South through bar graphs, visit with Civil War leaders, complete a fill-in-the-blank student worksheet, do a word search, or write entries in Civil War diary activity sheets.

CIVIL WAR WEBQUEST:
http://www.stonewall.fayette.k12.ky.us/wq/cwwebquest/civilwar.htm
Taxes, politics, and slavery... Student partners must take opposing sides in America's Civil War, pick a battle to research, and then write a letter to their partners outlining each other's perspective in that battle. They will also complete a set of guided research questions to assure comprehension.

ROLEPLAYING THE CIVIL WAR:
http://ofcn.org/cyber.serv/academy/ace/soc/cecsst/cecsst020.html
Here is an excellent unit for upper elementary through middle school to study the history, causes, and issues of the Civil War. Students are divided as the country was divided; they will create flags, recruitment posters, and choose leaders. They will also be writing newspaper articles for a Southern newspaper, as the other team will create reports for the Northern periodicals. Also consider having your students write a play to perform at the end of the school year, based upon their research and experiences with these Civil War activities.

INTERACTIVE JOURNEY OF THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD:
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/99/railroad/j1.html
From National Geographic, take this interactive journey through the Underground Railroad, following the slave route, exploring hiding compartments, meeting slaves, and reviewing a timeline. Classroom ideas offer activities by grade levels to fully utilize the resources offered here.

OUTLINE OF THE CIVIL WAR:
http://www.historyplace.com/civilwar/index.html
This site offers not only a detailed outline of Civil War events, but a collection of links as well to all topics outlined; great for student research projects.

THE VALLEY OF THE SHADOW:
http://valley.vcdh.virginia.edu/
Primary documents form the basis of this online archive, showing the Civil War from two different but very real perspectives: north and south. Have students use the documents to create a fictional narrative or to write newspaper articles to document an event or time period.

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